The Differences Between Athens and Sparta
Athens and Sparta, two of the most influential powers in ancient Europe, were quite different in many ways. Some of the main differences between Athens and Sparta were their governments, their education systems, their people’s rights, and the way their people were treated as a whole. They had completely different forms of government. They had educational systems that taught things almost completely opposite of each other, one military-based and one more focused on the arts. Also the people had different rights. Athenian men had more rights than Spartan men, while Spartan women had more rights than Athenian women.
The governments of Athens and Sparta were very different in their leaders and…show more content…
Athens and Sparta, two of the most influential powers in ancient Europe, were quite different in many ways. Some of the main differences between Athens and Sparta were their governments, their education systems, their people’s rights, and the way their people were treated as a whole. They had completely different forms of government. They had educational systems that taught things almost completely opposite of each other, one military-based and one more focused on the arts. Also the people had different rights. Athenian men had more rights than Spartan men, while Spartan women had more rights than Athenian women.
The governments of Athens and Sparta were very different in their leaders and…show more content…
The Council and Assembly would usually meet in the Agora, the central meeting place in the city.
The education systems in these two city-states were also different. Both of which primarily educated only men, though Sparta did educated women to some extent. In Sparta, the education was all military-based – war was supreme. Men were educated in war and fighting early in life, starting at the young age of only seven years old. Their women were also given military education. They were expected to be physically fit so they could be expected to bear healthy children. In Athens, their view on education was very different. Though they still had military education for about two years, they were also taught the arts – philosophy, music, mathematics, and poetry. The Athenians emphasized beauty, and they believed that beauty was not just in looks, but in intelligence and understanding as well. Though Athens did not train their men for the military as much as Sparta has, their military was also very powerful. The Spartans had an extremely powerful and supreme army due to the fact that their men were put through harsh, rigorous military training most of their lives.
The people of Sparta and Athens also had been treated differently, and they had different rights. In Athens, men were freer and were more involved in the government. Spartan men were taken at the age of seven to be raised in the military, and if they were unfit, they would be killed.
The education systems in these two city-states were also different. Both of which primarily educated only men, though Sparta did educated women to some extent. In Sparta, the education was all military-based – war was supreme. Men were educated in war and fighting early in life, starting at the young age of only seven years old. Their women were also given military education. They were expected to be physically fit so they could be expected to bear healthy children. In Athens, their view on education was very different. Though they still had military education for about two years, they were also taught the arts – philosophy, music, mathematics, and poetry. The Athenians emphasized beauty, and they believed that beauty was not just in looks, but in intelligence and understanding as well. Though Athens did not train their men for the military as much as Sparta has, their military was also very powerful. The Spartans had an extremely powerful and supreme army due to the fact that their men were put through harsh, rigorous military training most of their lives.
The people of Sparta and Athens also had been treated differently, and they had different rights. In Athens, men were freer and were more involved in the government. Spartan men were taken at the age of seven to be raised in the military, and if they were unfit, they would be killed.
About
Both Athens and Sparta hold historic value for Greece and the world. Athens is the capital and the largest city of Greece. It is a center for economic, political, financial and culture life in Greece. Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy in the conscience of the civilized world. Athens took its name from the goddess Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge.
Sparta, a town near the river Evrotas, is located in the center of the Peloponnese in southern Greece. Sparta was the Dorian Greek military state, considered as the protector of Greece as it was providing large army to Greece for many years. At present, Sparta is the administrative capital of the prefecture of Laconia.
History
Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 3,000 years, becoming the leading city of ancient Greece in the first millennium BCE; its cultural achievements during the 5th century BCE laid the foundations of western civilization. During the Middle Ages, the city experienced decline and then recovery under the Byzantine Empire, and was relatively prosperous during the Crusades, as they benefitted from Italian trade. After a long period of decline under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Athens reemerged in the 19th century as the capital of the independent Greek state.
Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by its first king, Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who named the city after his wife, the daughter of Eurotas, around 1000 BCE. Some eighty years after the Trojan War, according to the traditional chronology, Dorian migration from the north took place and eventually led to the rise of classical Sparta — famous as a martial power, foe of the Persian Empire, and eventual conqueror of Athens. After conquering many kingdoms and warring with many communities, Sparta spread to a major empire around 400 BCE. This was also the time of Athens' fall, which proclaimed Sparta superior in the constant war of the two empires. In medieval times, the city of Sparta was destroyed by many invasions. Modern day Sparta, which is known as Sparti in Greece, was rebuilt around 1834.
Beliefs and Culture
Athens and Sparta differed in their ideas of getting along with the rest of the Greek empires. Sparta seemed to be content with themselves and provided their army whenever required. That is why it considered itself as the protector of the Greek. On the other hand, Athens wanted to take control of more and more land in Greece. This idea eventually led to war between the Greeks. Sparta had a powerful army and Athens knew that they could not beat them but they had the power of a naval unit which Sparta didn’t have.
What the two communities had in common was that they were both thinkers. They worshiped their gods and respected people. They loved beauty, music, literature, drama, philosophy, politics, art, and sports. It could be said that some even loved battle itself.
Where they differed was that while the Spartans had militaristic values, Athenians were democratic. The Spartans emphasized only on expanding their power and gaining control over other kingdoms while the Athenians also grew infrastructure wise in ancient times. They understood the importance of such growth and concentrated on them besides on military strength.
Government
Statue of Leonidas, king of Sparta circa 540BC
The Athenian form of electing a government was called Limited Democracy while the Spartan form was called oligarchy' (rule by a few), but it had elements of monarchy (rule by kings), democracy (through the election of council/senators), and aristocracy (rule by the upper class or land owning class). Sparta has had two rulers in recent times, who ruled until they died. On the other hand, the ruler of Athens is elected annually. Athens is said to have been the birthplace of democracy.
Sparta was an “Oligarchy”. The Ancient Greek “oligos” translates to “few”, while “archia” means “rule” – ‘rule by the few’. Five Ephors were elected annually, accompanied by two kings, who passed on the crowns to their chosen sons. The Spartan equivalent of the senate was its “gerousia”, while Ephors and the Kings would regularly attend the “apella” (general assembly) to develop and try to pass “rhetrai”, or motions and decrees. Other purposes of the general assembly were to vote on and pass legislation and make civil decisions. Borderlands 2 farming the warrior. The process by which this was undertaken was by a simple shouting of ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
As a whole, the five Ephors had the power to overrule the Kings, but tended to keep to religious and militaristic duties. Sparta’s system of government was very exclusive and open to members of only the highest social standing.
On the other hand, Athens was a democracy, which meant “rule by the people” – “demos” (people, or the masses) and “kratis” (rule). 5000 to 6000 men were narrowed down to a group of 500, who would then be divided into groups of 50. Each would take charge for about a month, and ten generals were automatically elected due to their experience. Others were chosen by a method called ‘lot’ voting. The Athenian assembly, known as the “ekklesia”, sat to discuss political, militaristic and social matters and agendas in the pnyx. This was an area close by to the markets and social centre of Athens, the “agora”.
Lifestyle
Lakonian Black-Figure Kylix; Sparta c. 570 B.C.
Compared to the simple lifestyle of the Spartan people, Athenians had a very modern and open outlook. Unlike Sparta, in Athens, boys were not forced to join the army. As an Athenian, one could get a good education and could pursue several kinds of arts and sciences. Sparta people were not open to education and they only concentrated on military strength and obedience and they didn't interact much with the outside world.
Interaction with other Greek states
Sparta was content to keep to itself and provided army and assistance when necessary to other states. Athens, on the other hand, wanted to control more and more of the land around them. This eventually led to war between all the Greeks.
Climate
Athens had a Mediterranean climate with great amount of precipitation, whereas Sparta had fairly temperate but very dry climate. Due to soil erosion and less vegetation, water was a very scanty commodity in Sparta.
Women of Athens and Sparta
Family ties in Athens were stronger and women were legally the dependents of their husbands or their father. They could own no property apart from the family. In Sparta, women had rights that other Greek women did not have. In Sparta women were stronger and they formed liaisons with men as they chose. They could also own property by themselves. In Athens women did chores such as weaving or cooking, but in Sparta the women were free of all such chores.
War Between Athens and Sparta
Athens and Sparta were two rival city-states, while the latter had very well trained military and soldiers, the former boasted of a good navy. Athens and its allies, known as the Delian League, came into conflict with the Spartans and the Peloponnesian league, and in 431 BC a war broke out between the two cities - a war based on trade routes, rivalries, and tributes paid by smaller dependent states.
This conflict, the Peloponnesian War, essentially was a 28-year period of on and off civil war among Greek city-states. (A city-state was a city, such as Athens, and the surrounding country under its influence and protection; Athens and its surrounding area, known as Attica, was about the size of Rhode Island). Sparta had a clear military advantage on land, but the Athenian navy surpassed Sparta’s capabilities at sea; neither side was able to seize and maintain the upper hand. Both sides experienced major victories and crushing defeats, and the war was frequently interrupted by periods of negotiated peace. The war ended in 404 BC with the defeat of Athens and its democracy.
Economy
Sparta was mainly an agricultural land because of its inland location. The most important imports were metals. In Sparta, men were mainly warriors; others were slaves. Their economy was mainly based on agriculture. Athens economy was dependent more upon trade. Athens became the foremost trading power of the Mediterranean by the 5th century BC.
Claim to Fame
Athens has found its name in Greek history for its undying wisdom and concentration on infrastructural development and Sparta for its military power.
References
(Redirected from Xilinx Zynq)
Public | |
Traded as | NASDAQ: XLNX NASDAQ-100 Component S&P 500 Component |
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Industry | Integrated circuits |
Founded | 1984; 35 years ago[1] |
Founder | Jim Barnett Ross Freeman Bernie Vonderschmitt |
Headquarters | San Jose, California, U.S. |
Worldwide | |
Key people | Dennis Segers (Chairman of the Board); Victor Peng (President, CEO); Lorenzo A. Flores (Executive Vice President, CFO); Ivo Bolsens (Senior Vice President, CTO); Kevin Cooney (Senior Vice President, CIO); Emre Onder (Senior Vice President, Corporate strategy and marketing); Catia Hagopian (Senior Vice President, General counsel); Vincent L. Tong (Executive Vice President, Global operations and quality); Liam Madden (Executive Vice President, Hardware and systems product development); Matt Poirier (Senior Vice President, Corporate development and investor relations); Salil Raje (Executive Vice President, Software and IP products); Marilyn Stiborek Meyer (Senior Vice President, Global human resources); Mark Wadlington (Senior Vice President, Global sales);. |
Products | FPGAs, CPLDs |
Revenue |
|
| |
| |
Total assets |
|
Total equity |
|
4,014 - (June 2018) | |
Website | www.xilinx.com |
Xilinx, Inc. (/ˈzaɪlɪŋks/ZY-links) is an American technology company that is primarily a supplier of programmable logic devices. It invented the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and is the semiconductorcompany that created the first fabless manufacturing model.[4][5][6]
- 1History
- 4Family lines of products
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Ross Freeman, Bernard Vonderschmitt, and James V Barnett II — all former employees of Zilog, an integrated circuit and solid-state device manufacturer — co-founded Xilinx in 1984 with headquarters in San Jose, USA.[7][8]
While working for Zilog, Freeman wanted to create chips that acted like a blank tape, allowing users to program the technology themselves.[8] 'The concept required lots of transistors and, at that time, transistors were considered extremely precious—people thought that Ross's idea was pretty far out', said Xilinx Fellow Bill Carter, hired in 1984 to design ICs as Xilinx's eighth employee.[8]
It was at the time more profitable to manufacture generic circuits in massive volumes[7] than specialized circuits for specific markets.[7]FPGA promised to make specialized circuits profitable.
Freeman could not convince Zilog to invest in the FPGA to chase a market then estimated at $100 million,[7] so he and Barnett left to team up with Vonderschmitt, a former colleague. Together, they raised $4.5 million in venturefunding to design the first commercially viable FPGA.[7] They incorporated the company in 1984 and began selling its first product by 1985.[7]
By late 1987, the company had raised more than $18 million in venture capital (equivalent to $39.7 million in 2018) and was making nearly $14 million a year.[7][9]
Expansion[edit]
As demand for programmable logic continued to grow, so did Xilinx's revenues and profits.[7]
From 1988 to 1990, the company's revenue grew each year, from $30 million to $50 million to $100 million.[7] During this time, the company which had been providing funding to Xilinx, Monolithic Memories Inc. (MMI), was purchased by Xilinx competitor AMD.[7] As a result, Xilinx dissolved the deal with MMI and went public on the NASDAQ in 1989.[7] The company also moved to a 144,000-square-foot (13,400 m2) plant in San Jose, California, to handle increasingly large orders from HP, Apple Inc., IBM and Sun Microsystems.[7]
Other FPGA makers emerged in the mid-1990s.[7] Still, Xilinx's sales grew to $135 million in 1991, $178 million in 1992 and $250 million in 1993.[7]
The company reached $550 million in revenue in 1995, one decade after having sold its first product.[7]
According to market research firm iSuppli, Xilinx has held the lead in programmable logic device market share since the late 1990s. Over the years, Xilinx expanded operations to India, Asia and Europe.[10][11][12][13]
Xilinx's sales rose from $560 million in 1996 to $2.53 billion by the end of its fiscal year 2018.[14] Moshe Gavrielov – an EDA and ASIC industry veteran who was appointed president and CEO in early 2008 – introduced targeted design platforms that combine FPGAs with software, IP cores, boards and kits to address focused target applications.[15] These targeted design platforms are an alternative to costly application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and application-specific standard products (ASSPs).[16][17][18]
On January 4, 2018, Victor Peng, company's COO, replaced Gavrielov as CEO.[19]
Recent history[edit]
Xilinx sells a broad range of FPGAs, complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), design tools, intellectual property and reference designs.[4]
In 2011, Xilinx introduced the Virtex-7 2000T, the first product based on 2.5D stacked silicon (based on silicon interposer technology) to deliver larger FPGAs than could be built using standard monolithic silicon.[20] Xilinx then adapted the technology to combine formerly separate components in a single chip, first combining an FPGA with transceivers based on heterogeneous process technology to boost bandwidth capacity while using less power.[21]
According to former Xilinx CEO Moshe Gavrielov, the addition of a heterogeneous communications device, combined with the introduction of new software tools and the Zynq-7000 line of 28 nm SoC devices that combine an ARM core with an FPGA, are part of shifting its position from a programmable logic device supplier to one delivering “all things programmable”.[22]
Spartan 6 Vs Spartan 7
In addition to Zynq-7000, Xilinx product lines (see Current Family Lines) include the Virtex, Kintex and Artix series, each including configurations and models optimized for different applications.[23] In April 2012, the company introduced the Vivado Design Suite - a next-generation SoC-strength design environment for advanced electronic system designs.[24] In May, 2014, the company shipped the first of the next generation FPGAs: the 20 nm UltraScale.[25]
In September 2017, Amazon.com and Xilinx started a campaign for FPGA adoption. This campaign enables AWS Marketplace's Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) with associated Amazon FPGA Instances created by partners. The two companies have released new software development tools to simplify the creation of the acceleration IP. AWS has built the tools to create and manage the machine images created and sold by partners.[26][27]
In 2019, Xilinx exceeded $3 billion in annual revenues for the first time, announcing record revenues of $3.06 billion, up 24% from the prior fiscal year.[28][29] Revenues were $828 million for the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, up 4% from the prior quarter and up 30% year over year.[30] Xilinx's Communications sector represented 41% of the revenue; the industrial, aerospace, and defense sectors represented 27%; the Data Center and Test, Measurement & Emulation (TME) sectors accounted for 18%; and the automotive, broadcast, and consumer markets contributed 14%.[31]
In February 2019, the company announced two new generations of its Zynq UltraScale+ RF system on chip (RFSoC) portfolio.[32] The device covers the entire sub-6 GHz spectrum, which is necessary for 5G, and the updates included: an extended millimeter wave interface, up to 20% power reduction in the RF data converter subsystem compared to the base portfolio, and support of 5G New Radio.[33] The second generation release covered up to 5 GHz, while the third went up to 6 GHz.[34] As of February, the portfolio was the only adaptable radio platform single chip that had been designed to address the industry's 5G network needs.[35] The second announcement revealed that Xilinx and Samsung Electronics performed the world's first 5G New Radio (NR) commercial deployment in South Korea.[36][37] The two companies developed and deployed 5G Massive Multiple-input, Multiple-output (m-MIMO) and millimeter wave (mmWave) solutions using Xilinx's UltraScale+™ platform.[36] The capabilities are essential for 5G commercialization.[37] The companies also announced collaboration on Samsung's Versal adaptable compute acceleration platform (ACAP) products that will deliver 5G solutions.[38] In February 2019, Xilinx introduced a HDMI 2.1 IP subsystem core, which enabled the company's devices to transmit, receive, and process up to 8K (7680 x 4320 pixels) UHD video in media players, cameras, monitors, LED walls, projectors, and kernel-based virtual machines.[39][40]
In April 2019, Xilinx announced it entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Solarflare Communications, Inc.[41][42] Xilinx became a strategic investor in Solarflare in 2017.[42][43] The companies have been collaborating since then on advanced networking technology, and in March 2019 demonstrated their first joint solution: a single-chip FPGA-based 100G smartNIC. The acquisition will enable Xilinx to combine its FPGA, MPSoC and ACAP solutions with Solarflare's NIC technology and Onload application acceleration software to enable new converged SmartNIC solutions.[44][41][45]
Company overview[edit]
Xilinx was founded in Silicon Valley in 1984 and headquartered in San Jose, USA, with additional offices in Longmont, USA; Dublin, Ireland; Singapore; Hyderabad, India; Beijing, China; Shanghai, China; Brisbane, Australia and Tokyo, Japan.[7][46]
According to Bill Carter, a fellow at Xilinx, the choice of the name Xilinx refers to the chemical symbol for silicon Si. The 'X's at each end represent programmable logic blocks. The 'linx' represents programmable links that connect the logic blocks together.[8]
Xilinx customers represent just over half of the entire programmable logic market, at 51%.[4][5][47]Altera (now Intel ) is Xilinx's strongest competitor with 34% of the market. Other key players in this market are Actel (now Microsemi), and Lattice Semiconductor.[6]
Technology[edit]
The Spartan-3 platform was the industry's first 90nm FPGA, delivering more functionality and bandwidth per dollar than was previously possible.
Xilinx designs, develops and markets programmable logic products, including integrated circuits (ICs), software design tools, predefined system functions delivered as intellectual property (IP) cores, design services, customer training, field engineering and technical support.[4] Xilinx sells both FPGAs and CPLDs for electronic equipment manufacturers in end markets such as communications, industrial, consumer, automotive and data processing.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]
Xilinx's FPGAs have been used for the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) at the CERN European laboratory on the French-Swiss border to map and disentangle the trajectories of thousands of subatomic particles.[55] Xilinx has also engaged in a partnership with the United States Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate to develop FPGAs to withstand the damaging effects of radiation in space, which are 1,000 times less sensitive to space radiation than the commercial equivalent, for deployment in new satellites.[56]
The Virtex-II Pro, Virtex-4, Virtex-5, and Virtex-6 FPGA families, which include up to two embedded IBM PowerPC cores, are targeted to the needs of system-on-chip (SoC) designers.[57][58][59]
Xilinx FPGAs can run a regular embedded OS (such as Linux or vxWorks) and can implement processor peripherals in programmable logic.[4]
Xilinx's IP cores include IP for simple functions (BCD encoders, counters, etc.), for domain specific cores (digital signal processing, FFT and FIR cores) to complex systems (multi-gigabit networking cores, the MicroBlaze soft microprocessor and the compact Picoblaze microcontroller).[4] Xilinx also creates custom cores for a fee.[citation needed]
The main design toolkit Xilinx provides engineers is the Vivado Design Suite, an integrated design environment (IDE) with a system-to-IC level tools built on a shared scalable data model and a common debug environment. Vivado includes electronic system level (ESL) design tools for synthesizing and verifying C-based algorithmic IP; standards based packaging of both algorithmic and RTL IP for reuse; standards based IP stitching and systems integration of all types of system building blocks; and the verification of blocks and systems.[60] A free version WebPACK Edition of Vivado provides designers with a limited version of the design environment.[61]
Xilinx's Embedded Developer's Kit (EDK) supports the embedded PowerPC 405 and 440 cores (in Virtex-II Pro and some Virtex-4 and -5 chips) and the Microblaze core. Xilinx's System Generator for DSP implements DSP designs on Xilinx FPGAs. A freeware version of its EDA software called ISE WebPACK is used with some of its non-high-performance chips. Xilinx is the only (as of 2007) FPGA vendor to distribute a native Linux freeware synthesis toolchain.[62]
Xilinx announced the architecture for a new ARM Cortex-A9-based platform for embedded systems designers, that combines the software programmability of an embedded processor with the hardware flexibility of an FPGA.[63][64][65][66] The new architecture abstracts much of the hardware burden away from the embedded software developers' point of view, giving them an unprecedented level of control in the development process.[63][64][65][66] With this platform, software developers can leverage their existing system code based on ARM technology and utilize vast off-the-shelf open-source and commercially available software component libraries.[63][64][65][66] Because the system boots an OS at reset, software development can get under way quickly within familiar development and debug environments using tools such as ARM's RealView development suite and related third-party tools, Eclipse-based IDEs, GNU, the Xilinx Software Development Kit and others.[63][64][65][66] In early 2011, Xilinx began shipping a new device family based on this architecture. The Zynq-7000 SoC platform immerses ARM multi-cores, programmable logic fabric, DSP data paths, memories and I/O functions in a dense and configurable mesh of interconnect.[67][68] The platform targets embedded designers working on market applications that require multi-functionality and real-time responsiveness, such as automotive driver assistance, intelligent video surveillance, industrial automation, aerospace and defense, and next-generation wireless.[63][64][65][66]
Following the introduction of its 28 nm 7-series FPGAs, Xilinx revealed that several of the highest-density parts in those FPGA product lines will be constructed using multiple dies in one package, employing technology developed for 3D construction and stacked-die assemblies.[69][70] The company's stacked silicon interconnect (SSI) technology stacks several (three or four) active FPGA dies side-by-side on a silicon interposer – a single piece of silicon that carries passive interconnect. The individual FPGA dies are conventional, and are flip-chip mounted by microbumps on to the interposer. The interposer provides direct interconnect between the FPGA dies, with no need for transceiver technologies such as high-speed SERDES.[69][70][71] In October 2011, Xilinx shipped the first FPGA to use the new technology, the Virtex-7 2000T FPGA, which includes 6.8 billion transistors and 20 million ASIC gates.[72][73][74][75] The following spring, Xilinx used 3D technology to ship the Virtex-7 HT, the industry's first heterogeneous FPGAs, which combine high bandwidth FPGAs with a maximum of sixteen 28 Gbit/s and seventy-two 13.1 Gbit/s transceivers to reduce power and size requirements for key Nx100G and 400G line card applications and functions.[76][77]
In January 2011, Xilinx acquired design tool firm AutoESL Design Technologies and added System C high-level design for its 6- and 7-series FPGA families.[78] The addition of AutoESL tools extends the design community for FPGAs to designers more accustomed to designing at a higher level of abstraction using C, C++ and System C.[79]
In April 2012, Xilinx introduced a revised version of its toolset for programmable systems, called Vivado Design Suite. This IP and system-centric design software supports newer high capacity devices, and speeds the design of programmable logic and I/O.[80] Vivado provides faster integration and implementation for programmable systems into devices with 3D stacked silicon interconnect technology, ARM processing systems, analog mixed signal (AMS), and many semiconductor intellectual property (IP) cores.[81]
Xilinx began his journey with the Reconfigurable Acceleration Stack technology in the late 2016. The company was providing software and IP blocks to accelerate Machine Learning and other datacenter apps. Xilinx's goal was to reduce the barriers to adoption of FPGAs for accelerated compute-intensive datacenter workloads.[82]
In July 2019, Xilinx acquired NGCodec, deverlopers of FPGAaccelerated video encoders for video streaming, cloud gaming and cloud mixed reality services. NGCodec video encoders include support for H.264/AVC, H.265/HEVC, VP9 and AV1, with planned future support for H.266/VVC and AV2.[83][84]
Family lines of products[edit]
CPLD Xilinx XC9536XL
Before 2010, Xilinx offered two main FPGA families: the high-performance Virtex series and the high-volume Spartan series, with a cheaper EasyPath option for ramping to volume production.[23] The company also provides two CPLD lines: the CoolRunner and the 9500 series. Each model series has been released in multiple generations since its launch.[85] With the introduction of its 28nm FPGAs in June 2010, Xilinx replaced the high-volume Spartan family with the Kintex family and the low-cost Artix family.[86][87]
Xilinx's newer FPGA products use a High-K Metal Gate (HKMG) process, which reduces static power consumption while increasing logic capacity.[88] . In 28 nm devices, static power accounts for much and sometimes most of the total power dissipation. Virtex-6 and Spartan-6 FPGA families are said to consume 50 percent less power, and have up to twice the logic capacity compared to the previous generation of Xilinx FPGAs.[58][89][90]
In June 2010, Xilinx introduced the Xilinx 7 series: the Virtex-7, Kintex-7, and Artix-7 families, promising improvements in system power, performance, capacity, and price. These new FPGA families are manufactured using TSMC's 28 nm HKMG process.[91] The 28 nm series 7 devices feature a 50 percent power reduction compared to the company's 40 nm devices and offer capacity of up to 2 million logic cells.[86] Less than one year after announcing the 7 series 28 nm FPGAs, Xilinx shipped the world's first 28 nm FPGA device, the Kintex-7, making this the programmable industry's fastest product rollout.[92][93] In March 2011, Xilinx introduced the Zynq-7000 family, which integrates a complete ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor-based system on a 28 nm FPGA for system architects and embedded software developers.[67][68] In May 2017, Xilinx expanded the 7 Series with the production of the Spartan-7 family.[94][95]
In Dec, 2013, Xilinx introduced the UltraScale series: Virtex UltraScale and Kintex UltraScale families. These new FPGA families are manufactured by TSMC in its 20 nm planar process.[96] At the same time it announced an UltraScale SoC architecture, called Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC, in TSMC 16 nm FinFET process.[97]
Virtex family[edit]
The Virtex series of FPGAs have integrated features that include FIFO and ECC logic, DSP blocks, PCI-Express controllers, Ethernet MAC blocks, and high-speed transceivers. In addition to FPGA logic, the Virtex series includes embedded fixed function hardware for commonly used functions such as multipliers, memories, serial transceivers and microprocessor cores.[98] These capabilities are used in applications such as wired and wireless infrastructure equipment, advanced medical equipment, test and measurement, and defense systems.[99]
Xilinx's most recently announced Virtex, the Virtex 7 family, is based on a 28 nm design and is reported to deliver a two-fold system performance improvement at 50 percent lower power compared to previous generation Virtex-6 devices. In addition, Virtex-7 doubles the memory bandwidth compared to previous generation Virtex FPGAs with 1866 Mbit/s memory interfacing performance and over two million logic cells.[86][87]
In 2011, Xilinx began shipping sample quantities of the Virtex-7 2000T '3D FPGA', which combines four smaller FPGAs into a single package by placing them on a special silicon interconnection pad (called an interposer) to deliver 6.8 billion transistors in a single large chip. The interposer provides 10,000 data pathways between the individual FPGAs – roughly 10 to 100 times more than would usually be available on a board – to create a single FPGA.[72][73][74] In 2012, using the same 3D technology, Xilinx introduced initial shipments of their Virtex-7 H580T FPGA, a heterogeneous device, so called because it comprises two FPGA dies and one 8-channel 28Gbit/s transceiver die in the same package.[22]
The Virtex-6 family is built on a 40 nm process for compute-intensive electronic systems, and the company claims it consumes 15 percent less power and has 15 percent improved performance over competing 40 nm FPGAs.[100]
The Virtex-5 LX and the LXT are intended for logic-intensive applications, and the Virtex-5 SXT is for DSP applications.[101] With the Virtex-5, Xilinx changed the logic fabric from four-input LUTs to six-input LUTs. With the increasing complexity of combinational logic functions required by SoC designs, the percentage of combinational paths requiring multiple four-input LUTs had become a performance and routing bottleneck. The new six-input LUT represented a tradeoff between better handling of increasingly complex combinational functions, at the expense of a reduction in the absolute number of LUTs per device. The Virtex-5 series is a 65 nm design fabricated in 1.0 V, triple-oxide process technology.[102]
Legacy Virtex devices (Virtex, Virtex-II, Virtex-II Pro, Virtex 4) are still available, but are not recommended for use in new designs.
Kintex[edit]
The Kintex-7 family is the first Xilinx mid-range FPGA family that the company claims delivers Virtex-6 family performance at less than half the price while consuming 50 percent less power. The Kintex family includes high-performance 12.5 Gbit/s or lower-cost optimized 6.5 Gbit/s serial connectivity, memory, and logic performance required for applications such as high volume 10G optical wired communication equipment, and provides a balance of signal processing performance, power consumption and cost to support the deployment of Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless networks.[86][87]
Artix[edit]
The Artix-7 family delivers 50 percent lower power and 35 percent lower cost compared to the Spartan-6 family and is based on the unified Virtex-series architecture. Xilinx claims that Artix-7 FPGAs deliver the performance required to address cost-sensitive, high-volume markets previously served by ASSPs, ASICs, and low-cost FPGAs. The Artix family is designed to address the small form factor and low-power performance requirements of battery-powered portable ultrasound equipment, commercial digital camera lens control, and military avionics and communications equipment.[86][87] With the introduction of the Spartan-7 family in 2017, which lack high-bandwidth transceivers, the Artix-7's position in the Xilinx cost-optimized portfolio was clarified as being the 'transceiver optimized' member.[103]
Zynq[edit]
The Zynq-7000 family of SoCs addresses high-end embedded-system applications, such as video surveillance, automotive-driver assistance, next-generation wireless, and factory automation.[67][68][104]Zynq-7000 integrate a complete ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore-processor-based 28 nm system. The Zynq architecture differs from previous marriages of programmable logic and embedded processors by moving from an FPGA-centric platform to a processor-centric model.[67][68][104] For software developers, Zynq-7000 appear the same as a standard, fully featured ARM processor-based system-on-chip (SOC), booting immediately at power-up and capable of running a variety of operating systems independently of the programmable logic.[67][68][104] In 2013, Xilinx introduced the Zynq-7100, which integrates digital signal processing (DSP) to meet emerging programmable systems integration requirements of wireless, broadcast, medical and military applications.[105]
Does anyone know if this most recent update changed anything else than fallout4.exe? I didn't know auto updates was on, so F4SE told me it. Fallout 4 mods not working after update. Dec 7, 2017 - I just got fallout 4 a few days ago and now I want to mod it with NMM. Then everything after those two however I can't get mods to work I've. Mar 22, 2019 - What Prevents the Mods From Working in Fallout 4? If there is no update then you will have to keep the mod disabled until a fix is released. Feb 4, 2018 - Some of my mods like We Are The Minutemen wont work -NMM says it's installed with all necessary plugins and i can craft the uniforms but. May 11, 2018 - How to fix Fallout 4 mods not working. Fix crashes, errors and mods not loading by following this guide for PC, Xbox One and PS4.
The new Zynq-7000 product family posed a key challenge for system designers, because Xilinx ISE design software had not been developed to handle the capacity and complexity of designing with an FPGA with an ARM core.[24][81] Xilinx's new Vivado Design Suite addressed this issue, because the software was developed for higher capacity FPGAs, and it included high level synthesis (HLS) functionality that allows engineers to compile the co-processors from a C-based description.[24][81]
The AXIOM,[106] the world's first digital cinema camera that is open source hardware, contains a Zynq-7000.[107]
A Zynq 7010 or 7020 is included in the adapteva parallella board and the Red Pitaya oscilloscope.
Spartan family[edit]
Xilinx 3S250, Spartan-3E FPGA Family
The Spartan series targets low cost, high-volume applications with a low-power footprint e.g. displays, set-top boxes, wireless routers and other applications.[108]
The Spartan-6 family is built on a 45-nanometer [nm], 9-metal layer, dual-oxide process technology.[89][109] The Spartan-6 was marketed in 2009 as a low-cost option for automotive, wireless communications, flat-panel display and video surveillance applications.[109]
The Spartan-7 family, built on the same 28 nm process used in the other 7-Series FPGAs, was announced in 2015,[94] and became available in 2017.[95] Unlike the Artix-7 family and the 'LXT' members of the Spartan-6 family, the Spartan-7 FPGAs lack high-bandwidth transceivers.[103]
EasyPath[edit]
Because EasyPath devices are identical to the FPGAs that customers are already using, the parts can be produced faster and more reliably from the time they are ordered compared to similar competing programs.[110]
Everest[edit]
Everest is Xilinx's 7 nm generation architecture that targets datacenter acceleration applications, emerging fields and traditional markets. The Everest program focuses on the Adaptive Compute Acceleration Platform (ACAP), a new product category with better capabilities than an FPGA. It is an adaptive and integrated multi-core heterogeneous compute platform configurable at the hardware level. Its adaptability exceeds those of CPUs or GPUs. The core of ACAP contains a new generation of FPGA fabric with distributed memory and hardware-programmable DSP blocks, a multicore SoC, and some compute engines [111] connected through a network on chip (NoC). An ACAP is suitable for a range of applications in Big data and Artificial Intelligence, including video transcoding, database, data compression, search, AI inference, genomics, machine vision, computational storage and network acceleration.[82]
Recognition[edit]
Xilinx joined the Fortune ranks of the '100 Best Companies to Work For' in 2001 as No. 14, rose to No. 6 in 2002 and rose again to No. 4 in 2003.[112]
In December 2008, the Global Semiconductor Alliance named Xilinx the Most Respected Public Semiconductor Company with $500 million to $10 billion in annual sales. The award recognizes excellence through success, vision and strategy in the industry.[113]
In 2010, the company's products have been recognized by EE Times, EDN and others for innovation and market impact.[114][115][116]
Controversies[edit]
In January 2019 K&L Gates, a law firm representing Xilinx has sent what appears to be a DMCAcease and desist letter to an EEYouTuber claiming trademark infringement for featuring the Xilinx logo next to Altera's in an educational video.[117][118] Xilinx refused to reply until a video outlining the legal threat was published, after which they sent an apology e-mail.[119]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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